知识点复习2

Integer value = null;
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
    value = (Integer)iter.next();
}

Integer value = null;
int size = list.size();
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
    value = (Integer)list.get(i);        
}

Integer value = null;
for (Integer integ:list) {
    value = integ;
}

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

/*
 * @desc 测试LinkedList的几种遍历方式和效率
 *
 * @author skywang
 */
public class LinkedListThruTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 通过Iterator遍历LinkedList
        iteratorLinkedListThruIterator(getLinkedList()) ;
        
        // 通过快速随机访问遍历LinkedList
        iteratorLinkedListThruForeach(getLinkedList()) ;

        // 通过for循环的变种来访问遍历LinkedList
        iteratorThroughFor2(getLinkedList()) ;

        // 通过PollFirst()遍历LinkedList
        iteratorThroughPollFirst(getLinkedList()) ;

        // 通过PollLast()遍历LinkedList
        iteratorThroughPollLast(getLinkedList()) ;

        // 通过removeFirst()遍历LinkedList
        iteratorThroughRemoveFirst(getLinkedList()) ;

        // 通过removeLast()遍历LinkedList
        iteratorThroughRemoveLast(getLinkedList()) ;
    }
    
    private static LinkedList getLinkedList() {
        LinkedList llist = new LinkedList();
        for (int i=0; i<100000; i++)
            llist.addLast(i);

        return llist;
    }
    /**
     * 通过快迭代器遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorLinkedListThruIterator(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext();)
            iter.next();

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorLinkedListThruIterator: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过快速随机访问遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorLinkedListThruForeach(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        int size = list.size();
        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
            list.get(i);        
        }
        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorLinkedListThruForeach: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过另外一种for循环来遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorThroughFor2(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        for (Integer integ:list) 
            ;

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughFor2: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过pollFirst()来遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorThroughPollFirst(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        while(list.pollFirst() != null)
            ;

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughPollFirst: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过pollLast()来遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorThroughPollLast(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        while(list.pollLast() != null)
            ;

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughPollLast: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过removeFirst()来遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorThroughRemoveFirst(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        try {
            while(list.removeFirst() != null)
                ;
        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
        }

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughRemoveFirst: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    /**
     * 通过removeLast()来遍历LinkedList
     */
    private static void iteratorThroughRemoveLast(LinkedList<Integer> list) {
        if (list == null)
            return ;

        // 记录开始时间
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        try {
            while(list.removeLast() != null)
                ;
        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
        }

        // 记录结束时间
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughRemoveLast: " + interval+" ms");
    }
}

iteratorLinkedListThruIterator: 8 ms
iteratorLinkedListThruForeach: 3724 ms
iteratorThroughFor2: 5 ms
iteratorThroughPollFirst: 8 ms
iteratorThroughPollLast: 6 ms
iteratorThroughRemoveFirst: 2 ms
iteratorThroughRemoveLast: 2 ms

import java.util.*;

/*
 * @desc Vector遍历方式和效率的测试程序. 
 *
 * @author skywang
 */
public class VectorRandomAccessTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vector vec= new Vector();
        for (int i=0; i<100000; i++)
            vec.add(i);
        iteratorThroughRandomAccess(vec) ;
        iteratorThroughIterator(vec) ;
        iteratorThroughFor2(vec) ;
        iteratorThroughEnumeration(vec) ;
    
    }

    private static void isRandomAccessSupported(List list) {
        if (list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            System.out.println("RandomAccess implemented!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("RandomAccess not implemented!");
        }

    }

    public static void iteratorThroughRandomAccess(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i=0; i<list.size(); i++) {
            list.get(i);
        }
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughRandomAccess: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    public static void iteratorThroughIterator(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            iter.next();
        }
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughIterator: " + interval+" ms");
    }


    public static void iteratorThroughFor2(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(Object obj:list)
            ;
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughFor2: " + interval+" ms");
    }

    public static void iteratorThroughEnumeration(Vector vec) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(Enumeration enu = vec.elements(); enu.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            enu.nextElement();
        }
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughEnumeration: " + interval+" ms");
    }
}

// ArrayList的定义
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
// Vector的定义
public class Vector<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {}

abstract void                 clear()
abstract boolean              containsKey(Object key)
abstract boolean              containsValue(Object value)
abstract Set<Entry<K, V>>     entrySet()
abstract boolean              equals(Object object)
abstract V                    get(Object key)
abstract int                  hashCode()
abstract boolean              isEmpty()
abstract Set<K>               keySet()
abstract V                    put(K key, V value)
abstract void                 putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map)
abstract V                    remove(Object key)
abstract int                  size()
abstract Collection<V>        values()

package java.util;
import java.io.*;

public class HashMap<K,V>
    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
{

    // 默认的初始容量是16, 必须是2的幂. 
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;

    // 最大容量（必须是2的幂且小于2的30次方, 传入容量过大将被这个值替换）
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

    // 默认加载因子
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    // 存储数据的Entry数组, 长度是2的幂. 
    // HashMap是采用拉链法实现的, 每一个Entry本质上是一个单向链表
    transient Entry[] table;

    // HashMap的大小, 它是HashMap保存的键值对的数量
    transient int size;

    // HashMap的阈值, 用于判断是否需要调整HashMap的容量（threshold = 容量*加载因子）
    int threshold;

    // 加载因子实际大小
    final float loadFactor;

    // HashMap被改变的次数
    transient volatile int modCount;

    // 指定“容量大小”和“加载因子”的构造函数
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        // HashMap的最大容量只能是MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);

        // 找出“大于initialCapacity”的最小的2的幂
        int capacity = 1;
        while (capacity < initialCapacity)
            capacity <<= 1;

        // 设置“加载因子”
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        // 设置“HashMap阈值”, 当HashMap中存储数据的数量达到threshold时, 就需要将HashMap的容量加倍. 
        threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
        // 创建Entry数组, 用来保存数据
        table = new Entry[capacity];
        init();
    }


    // 指定“容量大小”的构造函数
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

    // 默认构造函数. 
    public HashMap() {
        // 设置“加载因子”
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
        // 设置“HashMap阈值”, 当HashMap中存储数据的数量达到threshold时, 就需要将HashMap的容量加倍. 
        threshold = (int)(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY * DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
        // 创建Entry数组, 用来保存数据
        table = new Entry[DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY];
        init();
    }

    // 包含“子Map”的构造函数
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
                      DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
        // 将m中的全部元素逐个添加到HashMap中
        putAllForCreate(m);
    }

    static int hash(int h) {
        h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
        return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
    }

    // 返回索引值
    // h & (length-1)保证返回值的小于length
    static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
        return h & (length-1);
    }

    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    // 获取key对应的value
    public V get(Object key) {
        if (key == null)
            return getForNullKey();
        // 获取key的hash值
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        // 在“该hash值对应的链表”上查找“键值等于key”的元素
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
             e != null;
             e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))
                return e.value;
        }
        return null;
    }

    // 获取“key为null”的元素的值
    // HashMap将“key为null”的元素存储在table[0]位置！
    private V getForNullKey() {
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.key == null)
                return e.value;
        }
        return null;
    }

    // HashMap是否包含key
    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        return getEntry(key) != null;
    }

    // 返回“键为key”的键值对
    final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
        // 获取哈希值
        // HashMap将“key为null”的元素存储在table[0]位置, “key不为null”的则调用hash()计算哈希值
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
        // 在“该hash值对应的链表”上查找“键值等于key”的元素
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
             e != null;
             e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash &&
                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return e;
        }
        return null;
    }

    // 将“key-value”添加到HashMap中
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        // 若“key为null”, 则将该键值对添加到table[0]中. 
        if (key == null)
            return putForNullKey(value);
        // 若“key不为null”, 则计算该key的哈希值, 然后将其添加到该哈希值对应的链表中. 
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            // 若“该key”对应的键值对已经存在, 则用新的value取代旧的value. 然后退出！
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        // 若“该key”对应的键值对不存在, 则将“key-value”添加到table中
        modCount++;
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
        return null;
    }

    // putForNullKey()的作用是将“key为null”键值对添加到table[0]位置
    private V putForNullKey(V value) {
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            if (e.key == null) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        // 这里的完全不会被执行到!
        modCount++;
        addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
        return null;
    }

    // 创建HashMap对应的“添加方法”, 
    // 它和put()不同. putForCreate()是内部方法, 它被构造函数等调用, 用来创建HashMap
    // 而put()是对外提供的往HashMap中添加元素的方法. 
    private void putForCreate(K key, V value) {
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);

        // 若该HashMap表中存在“键值等于key”的元素, 则替换该元素的value值
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash &&
                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                e.value = value;
                return;
            }
        }

        // 若该HashMap表中不存在“键值等于key”的元素, 则将该key-value添加到HashMap中
        createEntry(hash, key, value, i);
    }

    // 将“m”中的全部元素都添加到HashMap中. 
    // 该方法被内部的构造HashMap的方法所调用. 
    private void putAllForCreate(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        // 利用迭代器将元素逐个添加到HashMap中
        for (Iterator<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> i = m.entrySet().iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
            Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e = i.next();
            putForCreate(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
        }
    }

    // 重新调整HashMap的大小, newCapacity是调整后的单位
    void resize(int newCapacity) {
        Entry[] oldTable = table;
        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
        if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return;
        }

        // 新建一个HashMap, 将“旧HashMap”的全部元素添加到“新HashMap”中, 
        // 然后, 将“新HashMap”赋值给“旧HashMap”. 
        Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
        transfer(newTable);
        table = newTable;
        threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
    }

    // 将HashMap中的全部元素都添加到newTable中
    void transfer(Entry[] newTable) {
        Entry[] src = table;
        int newCapacity = newTable.length;
        for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) {
            Entry<K,V> e = src[j];
            if (e != null) {
                src[j] = null;
                do {
                    Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
                    int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
                    e.next = newTable[i];
                    newTable[i] = e;
                    e = next;
                } while (e != null);
            }
        }
    }

    // 将"m"的全部元素都添加到HashMap中
    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        // 有效性判断
        int numKeysToBeAdded = m.size();
        if (numKeysToBeAdded == 0)
            return;

        // 计算容量是否足够, 
        // 若“当前实际容量 < 需要的容量”, 则将容量x2. 
        if (numKeysToBeAdded > threshold) {
            int targetCapacity = (int)(numKeysToBeAdded / loadFactor + 1);
            if (targetCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                targetCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
            int newCapacity = table.length;
            while (newCapacity < targetCapacity)
                newCapacity <<= 1;
            if (newCapacity > table.length)
                resize(newCapacity);
        }

        // 通过迭代器, 将“m”中的元素逐个添加到HashMap中. 
        for (Iterator<? extends Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V>> i = m.entrySet().iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
            Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e = i.next();
            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
        }
    }

    // 删除“键为key”元素
    public V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
        return (e == null ? null : e.value);
    }

    // 删除“键为key”的元素
    final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
        // 获取哈希值. 若key为null, 则哈希值为0；否则调用hash()进行计算
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
        Entry<K,V> e = prev;

        // 删除链表中“键为key”的元素
        // 本质是“删除单向链表中的节点”
        while (e != null) {
            Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash &&
                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                modCount++;
                size--;
                if (prev == e)
                    table[i] = next;
                else
                    prev.next = next;
                e.recordRemoval(this);
                return e;
            }
            prev = e;
            e = next;
        }

        return e;
    }

    // 删除“键值对”
    final Entry<K,V> removeMapping(Object o) {
        if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
            return null;

        Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
        Object key = entry.getKey();
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
        Entry<K,V> e = prev;

        // 删除链表中的“键值对e”
        // 本质是“删除单向链表中的节点”
        while (e != null) {
            Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
            if (e.hash == hash && e.equals(entry)) {
                modCount++;
                size--;
                if (prev == e)
                    table[i] = next;
                else
                    prev.next = next;
                e.recordRemoval(this);
                return e;
            }
            prev = e;
            e = next;
        }

        return e;
    }

    // 清空HashMap, 将所有的元素设为null
    public void clear() {
        modCount++;
        Entry[] tab = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; i++)
            tab[i] = null;
        size = 0;
    }

    // 是否包含“值为value”的元素
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
    // 若“value为null”, 则调用containsNullValue()查找
    if (value == null)
            return containsNullValue();

    // 若“value不为null”, 则查找HashMap中是否有值为value的节点. 
    Entry[] tab = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
            for (Entry e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next)
                if (value.equals(e.value))
                    return true;
    return false;
    }

    // 是否包含null值
    private boolean containsNullValue() {
    Entry[] tab = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
            for (Entry e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next)
                if (e.value == null)
                    return true;
    return false;
    }

    // 克隆一个HashMap, 并返回Object对象
    public Object clone() {
        HashMap<K,V> result = null;
        try {
            result = (HashMap<K,V>)super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // assert false;
        }
        result.table = new Entry[table.length];
        result.entrySet = null;
        result.modCount = 0;
        result.size = 0;
        result.init();
        // 调用putAllForCreate()将全部元素添加到HashMap中
        result.putAllForCreate(this);

        return result;
    }

    // Entry是单向链表. 
    // 它是 “HashMap链式存储法”对应的链表. 
    // 它实现了Map.Entry 接口, 即实现getKey(), getValue(), setValue(V value), equals(Object o), hashCode()这些函数
    static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        final K key;
        V value;
        // 指向下一个节点
        Entry<K,V> next;
        final int hash;

        // 构造函数. 
        // 输入参数包括"哈希值(h)", "键(k)", "值(v)", "下一节点(n)"
        Entry(int h, K k, V v, Entry<K,V> n) {
            value = v;
            next = n;
            key = k;
            hash = h;
        }

        public final K getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        public final V getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public final V setValue(V newValue) {
            V oldValue = value;
            value = newValue;
            return oldValue;
        }

        // 判断两个Entry是否相等
        // 若两个Entry的“key”和“value”都相等, 则返回true. 
        // 否则, 返回false
        public final boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
            Object k1 = getKey();
            Object k2 = e.getKey();
            if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
                Object v1 = getValue();
                Object v2 = e.getValue();
                if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        // 实现hashCode()
        public final int hashCode() {
            return (key==null   ? 0 : key.hashCode()) ^
                   (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
        }

        public final String toString() {
            return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
        }

        // 当向HashMap中添加元素时, 绘调用recordAccess(). 
        // 这里不做任何处理
        void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
        }

        // 当从HashMap中删除元素时, 绘调用recordRemoval(). 
        // 这里不做任何处理
        void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
        }
    }

    // 新增Entry. 将“key-value”插入指定位置, bucketIndex是位置索引. 
    void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
        // 保存“bucketIndex”位置的值到“e”中
        Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
        // 设置“bucketIndex”位置的元素为“新Entry”, 
        // 设置“e”为“新Entry的下一个节点”
        table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
        // 若HashMap的实际大小 不小于 “阈值”, 则调整HashMap的大小
        if (size++ >= threshold)
            resize(2 * table.length);
    }

    // 创建Entry. 将“key-value”插入指定位置, bucketIndex是位置索引. 
    // 它和addEntry的区别是: 
    // (01) addEntry()一般用在 新增Entry可能导致“HashMap的实际容量”超过“阈值”的情况下. 
    //   例如, 我们新建一个HashMap, 然后不断通过put()向HashMap中添加元素；
    // put()是通过addEntry()新增Entry的. 
    //   在这种情况下, 我们不知道何时“HashMap的实际容量”会超过“阈值”；
    //   因此, 需要调用addEntry()
    // (02) createEntry() 一般用在 新增Entry不会导致“HashMap的实际容量”超过“阈值”的情况下. 
    //   例如, 我们调用HashMap“带有Map”的构造函数, 它绘将Map的全部元素添加到HashMap中；
    // 但在添加之前, 我们已经计算好“HashMap的容量和阈值”. 也就是, 可以确定“即使将Map中
    // 的全部元素添加到HashMap中, 都不会超过HashMap的阈值”. 
    //   此时, 调用createEntry()即可. 
    void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
        // 保存“bucketIndex”位置的值到“e”中
        Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
        // 设置“bucketIndex”位置的元素为“新Entry”, 
        // 设置“e”为“新Entry的下一个节点”
        table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
        size++;
    }

    // HashIterator是HashMap迭代器的抽象出来的父类, 实现了公共了函数. 
    // 它包含“key迭代器(KeyIterator)”、“Value迭代器(ValueIterator)”和“Entry迭代器(EntryIterator)”3个子类. 
    private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
        // 下一个元素
        Entry<K,V> next;
        // expectedModCount用于实现fast-fail机制. 
        int expectedModCount;
        // 当前索引
        int index;
        // 当前元素
        Entry<K,V> current;

        HashIterator() {
            expectedModCount = modCount;
            if (size > 0) { // advance to first entry
                Entry[] t = table;
                // 将next指向table中第一个不为null的元素. 
                // 这里利用了index的初始值为0, 从0开始依次向后遍历, 直到找到不为null的元素就退出循环. 
                while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
                    ;
            }
        }

        public final boolean hasNext() {
            return next != null;
        }

        // 获取下一个元素
        final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            Entry<K,V> e = next;
            if (e == null)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();

            // 注意！！！
            // 一个Entry就是一个单向链表
            // 若该Entry的下一个节点不为空, 就将next指向下一个节点;
            // 否则, 将next指向下一个链表(也是下一个Entry)的不为null的节点. 
            if ((next = e.next) == null) {
                Entry[] t = table;
                while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
                    ;
            }
            current = e;
            return e;
        }

        // 删除当前元素
        public void remove() {
            if (current == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            Object k = current.key;
            current = null;
            HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
            expectedModCount = modCount;
        }

    }

    // value的迭代器
    private final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator<V> {
        public V next() {
            return nextEntry().value;
        }
    }

    // key的迭代器
    private final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator<K> {
        public K next() {
            return nextEntry().getKey();
        }
    }

    // Entry的迭代器
    private final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
            return nextEntry();
        }
    }

    // 返回一个“key迭代器”
    Iterator<K> newKeyIterator()   {
        return new KeyIterator();
    }
    // 返回一个“value迭代器”
    Iterator<V> newValueIterator()   {
        return new ValueIterator();
    }
    // 返回一个“entry迭代器”
    Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> newEntryIterator()   {
        return new EntryIterator();
    }

    // HashMap的Entry对应的集合
    private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;

    // 返回“key的集合”, 实际上返回一个“KeySet对象”
    public Set<K> keySet() {
        Set<K> ks = keySet;
        return (ks != null ? ks : (keySet = new KeySet()));
    }

    // Key对应的集合
    // KeySet继承于AbstractSet, 说明该集合中没有重复的Key. 
    private final class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
            return newKeyIterator();
        }
        public int size() {
            return size;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsKey(o);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null;
        }
        public void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    // 返回“value集合”, 实际上返回的是一个Values对象
    public Collection<V> values() {
        Collection<V> vs = values;
        return (vs != null ? vs : (values = new Values()));
    }

    // “value集合”
    // Values继承于AbstractCollection, 不同于“KeySet继承于AbstractSet”, 
    // Values中的元素能够重复. 因为不同的key可以指向相同的value. 
    private final class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return newValueIterator();
        }
        public int size() {
            return size;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsValue(o);
        }
        public void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    // 返回“HashMap的Entry集合”
    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
        return entrySet0();
    }

    // 返回“HashMap的Entry集合”, 它实际是返回一个EntrySet对象
    private Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet0() {
        Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
        return es != null ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
    }

    // EntrySet对应的集合
    // EntrySet继承于AbstractSet, 说明该集合中没有重复的EntrySet. 
    private final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
            return newEntryIterator();
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<K,V> e = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
            Entry<K,V> candidate = getEntry(e.getKey());
            return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return removeMapping(o) != null;
        }
        public int size() {
            return size;
        }
        public void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }

    // java.io.Serializable的写入函数
    // 将HashMap的“总的容量, 实际容量, 所有的Entry”都写入到输出流中
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws IOException
    {
        Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i =
            (size > 0) ? entrySet0().iterator() : null;

        // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        // Write out number of buckets
        s.writeInt(table.length);

        // Write out size (number of Mappings)
        s.writeInt(size);

        // Write out keys and values (alternating)
        if (i != null) {
            while (i.hasNext()) {
            Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
            s.writeObject(e.getKey());
            s.writeObject(e.getValue());
            }
        }
    }


    private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;

    // java.io.Serializable的读取函数: 根据写入方式读出
    // 将HashMap的“总的容量, 实际容量, 所有的Entry”依次读出
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        // Read in the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read in number of buckets and allocate the bucket array;
        int numBuckets = s.readInt();
        table = new Entry[numBuckets];

        init();  // Give subclass a chance to do its thing.

        // Read in size (number of Mappings)
        int size = s.readInt();

        // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
            K key = (K) s.readObject();
            V value = (V) s.readObject();
            putForCreate(key, value);
        }
    }

    // 返回“HashMap总的容量”
    int   capacity()     { return table.length; }
    // 返回“HashMap的加载因子”
    float loadFactor()   { return loadFactor;   }
}

// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型, value是Integer类型
Integer integ = null;
Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
    Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
    // 获取key
    key = (String)entry.getKey();
        // 获取value
    integ = (Integer)entry.getValue();
}

// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型, value是Integer类型
String key = null;
Integer integ = null;
Iterator iter = map.keySet().iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
        // 获取key
    key = (String)iter.next();
        // 根据key, 获取value
    integ = (Integer)map.get(key);
}

// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型, value是Integer类型
Integer value = null;
Collection c = map.values();
Iterator iter= c.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
    value = (Integer)iter.next();
}

private final Map<K,V> m;     // Backing Map
        final Object      mutex;        // Object on which to synchronize

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
            if (m==null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            this.m = m;
            mutex = this;
        }

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m, Object mutex) {
            this.m = m;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }

        public int size() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.size();}
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.isEmpty();}
        }
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsKey(key);}
        }
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsValue(value);}
        }
        public V get(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.get(key);}
        }

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.put(key, value);}
        }
        public V remove(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key);}
        }
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.putAll(map);}
        }
        public void clear() {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.clear();}
        }
    ```

ComcurrentHashMap

```java
public V put(K key, V value) {
        Segment<K,V> s;
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key);
        int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject          // nonvolatile; recheck
             (segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) //  in ensureSegment
            s = ensureSegment(j);
        return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
    }

public class HashSet<E>
       extends AbstractSet<E>
       implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
   {
       static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;
   
       // HashSet是通过map(HashMap对象)保存内容的
      private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
  
      // PRESENT是向map中插入key-value对应的value
     // 因为HashSet中只需要用到key, 而HashMap是key-value键值对；
      // 所以, 向map中添加键值对时, 键值对的值固定是PRESENT
      private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
  
      // 默认构造函数
      public HashSet() {
          // 调用HashMap的默认构造函数, 创建map
          map = new HashMap<E,Object>();
      }
      ....
}

// 假设set是HashSet对象
for(Iterator iterator = set.iterator();
       iterator.hasNext(); ) { 
    iterator.next();
}   

// 假设set是HashSet对象, 并且set中元素是String类型
String[] arr = (String[])set.toArray(new String[0]);
for (String str:arr)
    System.out.printf("for each : %s\n", str);

for(Iterator iter = set.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) { 
    iter.next();
} 
for(Iterator iter = set.descendingIterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) { 
    iter.next();
}
// 假设set是TreeSet对象, 并且set中元素是String类型
String[] arr = (String[])set.toArray(new String[0]);
for (String str:arr)
    System.out.printf("for each : %s\n", str);